Computers in Medical Field Essay

A computer has become an essential commodity in every hospital. Everything is computerized today, from open heart surgeries to X-rays to various clinical tests. Everything is carried out efficiently and effectively by the computer. There are many advantages of computers that make it a must have by every medical professional. This article tells you about the use of computers in the medicine that would help you understand the wide array of computer applications used across the medicinal practice. Computers in the Medical Office There are various uses of computer in medical field as it plays a vital role in every medical office. It contributes a lot to the hospital administration where all the administrative processes are computerized. For example, staff records, recording incoming and outgoing time of the staff, the holiday records of the staff, etc. It is difficult to keep track of such things manually but with the help of computers, the task is simplified and is less time-consuming. In most of the offices, accounting is also computerized that helps you keep the daily record of the financial transactions of the office. It also reduces the chances of money related frauds as all the data is stored properly that can be used for future reference. Computer also helps in recording the names and contact details of the doctors and associated people. It is useful when it comes to recording the medical history of the patient, such as, previous treatments, tests, diagnosis, and symptoms, etc. Such information comes handy for the doctor in case of emergencies and when a new treatment is to be designed. The patients can also avail to computer counseling with the help of computers. Today, the bills are computer generated and hence, the chances of miscalculation are less. Apart from this, to avail the online transaction facilities computer is essential. Use of Computers in Medicine Use of computers is also associated with the research and inventions in health sector. Various research studies are carried out with the help of various applications in the computer. For example, studying certain cells, micro organisms, bacteria, etc., is easily possible with computer. It helps you save all the related information that you can refer to, whenever required. One can also create electronic presentations of certain diseases or treatments that are useful to understand by the junior or trainee doctors so that they can prepare themselves for small and uncomplicated operations by taking guidance from senior doctors via web conferencing. In seminars and paper presentations on the health related topics, computerized presentations create more impact on the audience. It also helps the audience understand the issues well. With the help of computer networking, doctors across the world can communicate with each other about new inventions and unique health conditions, etc. All the countries are conducting research studies and this information can be mutually shared by the medical fraternity with the help of computers and internet technology. The computer makes the world smaller and brings people together. Uses of Computers in Hospitals Computers are widely used in all the hospitals for numerous purposes apart from administration, accounting, billing, and appointments. It literally helps doctors in performing various surgeries, especially laparoscopic surgeries are possible because of computers where doctors insert the medical tools and small camera and conduct an operation with the help of computers and monitors. Many high tech surgical machines and instruments are endowed with small computer systems so that every surgical process is recorded and monitored to avoid complications. Many clinical imaging processes are conducted and examined with the help of computers, such as X-ray and CT scan, etc. Computers also play a vital role in conducting various clinical and biological laboratory tests in hospitals that help in correct diagnosis of the disease. Many critical patients, whose heart rate, pulse rate, and brain readings, etc., need be recorded and monitored continuously, are observed through computers. Its virtually impossible for humans to note down every movement of the internal organs of the patients but computers do it with ease. Importance of computers in medicine has grown so much that many patients who need to be provided with life support system are also governed by the special computerized system only. Such is the impact of computers on a medical practice.

Assessment Tools

Running head: 1 Assessment Tools Analysis Paper Tricia E Topping University of Phoenix NUR/440 Karen Harriman April 16, 2012 Assessment Tools Analysis Paper 11/13/12 8:13 PM http://www. scribd. com/doc/104725000/Assessment-Tools-Analysis-Paper Page 2 of 12 April 16, 2012 2 Assessment Tools Analysis Paper Assessment tools are used in nursing to enhance the overall assessment phase of the nursing process. The assessment tools that I have selected to analyze are: The Spiritual Well- Being Scale (SWBS), The Hassles and Uplifts Inventory, and The Well Being Picture Scale (WBPS).After describing each tool and it’s benefits within the nursing process, I will apply them to the vulnerable population of person’s with Down syndrome. Spiritual Well-Being Scale â€Å"The Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS) is a general indicator of perceived well- being† (lifeadvance. com). During its creation by doctors Ellison and Paloutzian, they found a need for Assessment Tools Analysis Pa per 11/13/12 8:13 PM http://www. scribd. com/doc/104725000/Assessment-Tools-Analysis-Paper Page 3 of 12 people to be able to describe their thoughts on spirituality in their own terms.This concept gives spiritual followers a greater sense of self worth and a reason to continue their spiritual beliefs. It also gives purpose to the congregation and individual members for continuing to spread the message of their beliefs to others. Having the ability to believe in a higher being, to talk and pray to this entity, empowers a person beyond normal daily activities. It allows for the creation of self peace and guidance in times of trouble. â€Å"Being religious or having spiritual beliefs has been linked to improved health and well-being in several empirical studies† (Grow et. ll). The SWBS is inexpensive tool and can be utilized by any person or population. It is very simple to use, is self-administered and takes between 10-15 minutes. â€Å"It is a paper and pencil survey currentl y available in both English and Spanish†¦ and was designed to assess people’s perception of their own spiritual well-being† (lifeadvance. com). The SWBS can be used by nurses within the assessment process to help guide and show a patient’s level of spiritual well- 3 being.A higher level of spiritual well-being can be associated with improved health and better recognition of self limitations and spiritual peace if faced with a life threatening diagnosis. As the SWBS is a simple tool, it would be effective for a health care worker to use with a high functioning adult with Down syndrome. With slight modification to questions for ease of understanding, and possible verbal presentation, a health care provider could present the tools and interpret the results as with any other adult.The community in which one worships acts as a support system for it’s members. Many families with children affected by Downs or similar disorders turn to a spiritual community f or support and acceptance. These communities assist to foster the growth of the child into a spiritual adult, giving them a better sense of self worth, a Assessment positive belief in a higher power, and a functional place within a small population. Because of this, the SWBS can be an effective tool to enhance the assessment of an adult Downs patient.Hassles and Uplifts Scales The Hassles and Uplifts Scales (HSUP) were created as a more positive approach to recognizing daily stressors in our lives. A modification of the Hassles scale, the HSUP is a combination of the Hassles scale with 117 items identifying life’s stressors, and the Uplifts scales including 135 items identifying daily positive encounters. The HSUP contains â€Å"fifty-three items worked so that the respondent can indicate whether a given transaction is a hassle, uplift, or both† (Lazarus & Folkman, 2011).By combining the two scales, a positive emphasis was placed on daily activities, rather than focusi ng on the negative stressors of the Hassles scale. â€Å"The Uplifts scale suggests how positive aspects of daily life counteract the damaging effects of stress† (Lazarus & Folkman, 2011). Brought together in the HSUP scale, the positive influences 4 and negative effects of stressors in a person’s daily life can be identified. If the negative stressors are prevalent, it is then within the power of the individual to increase the number of uplifting events while decreasing or overcoming the stressors.This information is very useful to identify while performing a health assessment. If a patient is found to have an overwhelming number of stressors or hassles and few to little uplifts, their emotional and physical well-being could be compromised. Too many negative stressors can lead to an inability to cope and cause damaging effect. Assisting a patient to identify both stressors and uplifts can allow them to develop their own coping mechanisms as well as introduce more posi tive interactions throughout Assessment Tools Analysis Paper 11/13/12 8:13 PM ttp://www. scribd. com/doc/104725000/Assessment-Tools-Analysis-Paper Page 5 of 12 their day. The HSUP is also an inexpensive and simple tool that can be performed during a health care assessment and take approximately 10 minutes for an adult to complete. By identifying the 53 phrases as either a hassle or uplift and giving each a numerical value from 0-3, the test can be scored quickly providing immediate results for the patient. This is important because is allows the nurse to quickly recognize positive and negative influences.The patient can then be made aware of the outcome. This allows the patient and nurse or health care provider to collaborate together to balance out the hassles and increase the uplifting experiences. The HSUP, like the SWBS, can be easily used in assessments of higher functioning adults with Downs. If needed, slight modification to the 0-3 numerical rating can be done. Instead of as signing a number to an uplift or hassle, the patient could more easily identify a positive or negative experience in their daily activities.By then focusing on the uplifting/positive experiences, a patient with Downs could recognize the experiences that create happiness, learning to try and experience these more often. This assessment tool can also be used easily by members of the patient’s family to assist them in identifying situations that cause increased stress. Assisting the family in recognizing Developers / API Legal Terms Privacy Copyright  © Copyright 2012 Scribd Inc. Language: English

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 21

An Acceptable Form of Coping In the cloud room, I pick the black recliner because I am feeling a little depressed. For a few minutes I don't say anything. I am worried that Cliff will send me back to the bad place if I tell him the truth, but I feel so guilty sitting there – and then I'm talking at Cliff, spilling everything in a wild slur of sentences: the big Giants fan, the little Giants fan, my fistfight, the Eagles' loss to the Giants, my father smashing the television screen, his bringing me the sports pages but refusing to speak with me, my dream about Nikki wearing a Giants jersey, Tiffany saying â€Å"Fuck Nikki† but still wanting to run with me every day; and then Nikki teaching Sylvia Plath to defenseless teenagers, my ripping The Bell Jar in half, and Sylvia Plath sticking her head in an oven. â€Å"An oven?† I say. â€Å"Why would anyone stick their head in an oven?† The release is powerful, and I realize now that somewhere in the middle of my rant I had begun crying. When I finish speaking, I cover my face, because Cliff is my therapist, yes, but he is also a man and an Eagles fan and maybe a friend too. I start sobbing behind my hands. All is quiet in the cloud room for a few minutes, and then Cliff finally speaks, saying, â€Å"I hate Giants fans. So arrogant, always wanting to talk about L.T., who was nothing but a dirty rotten cokehead. Two Super Bowls, yes, but XXV and XXI were some time ago – more than fifteen years have passed. And we were there just two years ago, right? Even if we did lose.† I am surprised. I was sure Cliff was going to yell at me for hitting the Giants fan, that he would again threaten to send me back to the bad place, and his bringing up Lawrence Taylor seems so random that I lower my hands and see that Cliff is standing, although he is so small his head is not much higher than mine, even though I am sitting down. Also, I sort of think he just implied that the Eagles were in the Super Bowl two years ago, which would make me very upset because I have absolutely no memory of this, so I try to forget what Cliff said about our team being in the big game. â€Å"Don't you hate Giants fans?† he says to me. â€Å"Don't you just hate 'em? Come on now, tell the truth.† â€Å"Yeah, I do,† I say. â€Å"A lot. So do my brother and father.† â€Å"Why would this man wear a Giants jersey to an Eagles game?† â€Å"I don't know.† â€Å"Did he not think he would be mocked?† I don't know what to say. â€Å"Every year I see these stupid Dallas and Giants and Redskins fans come into our house wearing their colors, and every year these same fans get manhandled by drunken Eagles fans. When will they learn?† I am too shocked to speak. Does this mean Cliff is a season-ticket holder? I wonder, but do not ask. â€Å"Not only were you defending your brother, but you were defending your team too! Right?† I realize that I am nodding. Cliff sits down. He pulls the lever, his footrest comes up, and I stare at the well-worn soles of his penny loafers. â€Å"When I am sitting in this chair, I am your therapist. When I am not in this chair, I am a fellow Eagles fan. Understand?† I nod. â€Å"Violence is not an acceptable solution. You did not have to hit that Giants fan.† I nod again. â€Å"I didn't want to hit him.† â€Å"But you did.† I look down at my hands. My fingers are all squirmy. â€Å"What alternatives did you have?† he says. â€Å"Alternatives?† â€Å"What else could you have done, besides hitting the Giants fan?† â€Å"I didn't have time to think. He was pushing me, and he threw my brother down – â€Å" â€Å"What if he had been Kenny G?† I close my eyes, hum a single note, and silently count to ten, blanking my mind. â€Å"Yes, the humming. Why not try that when you feel as though you are going to hit someone? Where did you learn that technique?† I'm a little mad at Cliff for bringing up Kenny G, which seems like a dirty trick, especially since he knows Mr. G is my biggest nemesis, but I remember that Cliff did not yell at me when I told him the truth, and I am thankful for that, so I say, â€Å"Nikki used to hum a single note whenever I offended her. She said she learned it in yoga class. And whenever she hummed, it would catch me off guard. I would get really freaked out, because it is strange to sit next to someone who is humming a single note with her eyes closed – and Nikki would keep humming that single note for such a long time. When she finally stopped, I would be grateful, and I also would be more aware of her displeasure and more receptive to her feelings, which is something I did not appreciate until recently.† â€Å"So that's why you hum every time someone brings up Kenny – â€Å" I close my eyes, hum a single note, and silently count to ten, blanking my mind. When I finish, Cliff says, â€Å"It allows you to express your displeasure in a unique way, disarming those around you. Very interesting tactic. Why not use this in other areas of your life? What if you had closed your eyes and hummed when the Giants fan pushed you?† I hadn't thought of that. â€Å"Do you think he would have continued to push you if you had closed your eyes and hummed?† Probably not, I think. The Giants fan would have thought I was crazy, which is exactly what I thought about Nikki when she first used the tactic on me. Cliff smiles and nods at me when he reads my face. We talk a little about Tiffany. He says it seems as though Tiffany has romantic feelings for me, and he claims she is most likely jealous of my love for Nikki, which I think is silly, especially since Tiffany never even talks to me and is always so aloof when we are together. Plus Tiffany is so beautiful, and I have not aged well at all. â€Å"She's just a weird woman,† I say in response. â€Å"Aren't they all?† Cliff replies, and we laugh some because women truly are hard to figure out sometimes. â€Å"What about my dream? Me seeing Nikki in a Giants jersey? What do you think that means?† â€Å"What do you think it means?† Cliff asks, and when I shrug, he changes the subject. Cliff says Sylvia Plath's work is very depressing to read, and that his own daughter had recently suffered through The Bell Jar because she is taking an American literature course at Eastern High School. â€Å"And you didn't complain to administration?† I asked. â€Å"About what?† â€Å"About your daughter being forced to read such depressing stories.† â€Å"No. Of course not. Why would I?† â€Å"Because the novel teaches kids to be pessimistic. No hope at the end, no silver lining. Teenagers should be taught that – â€Å" â€Å"Life is hard, Pat, and children have to be told how hard life can be.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"So they will be sympathetic to others. So they will understand that some people have it harder than they do and that a trip through this world can be a wildly different experience, depending on what chemicals are raging through one's mind.† I had not thought about this explanation, that reading books like The Bell Jar helped others understand what it was like to be Esther Greenwood. And I realize now that I have a lot of sympathy for Esther, and if she were a real person in my life, I would have tried to help her, only because I knew her thoughts well enough to understand she was not simply deranged, but suffering because her world had been so cruel to her and because she was depressed, due to the wild chemicals in her mind. â€Å"So you're not mad at me?† I ask when I see Cliff look at his watch, which signifies our session is almost over. â€Å"No. Not at all.† â€Å"Really?† I ask, because I know Cliff is probably going to write all my recent failures down in a file as soon as I leave. That he probably thinks he has failed as my therapist – at least for this week. Cliff stands, smiles at me, and then looks out the bay window at the sparrow washing in the stone birdbath. â€Å"Before you leave, Pat, I want to say something very important to you. This is a matter of life and death. Are you listening to me? Because I really want you to remember this. Okay?† I start to worry because Cliff sounds so serious, but I swallow, nod, and say, â€Å"Okay.† Cliff turns. Cliff faces me. His face looks grave, and for a second, I am very nervous. But then Cliff throws his hands up in the air and yells â€Å"Ahhhhhhhhh!† I laugh because Cliff has tricked me with his funny joke. I immediately stand, throw my hands up in the air, and yell â€Å"Ahhhhhhhhh!† â€Å"E!-A!-G!-L!-E!-S! EAGLES!† we chant in unison, throwing our arms and legs out in an effort to represent each letter with our bodies, and I have to say – as stupid as it may sound – chanting with Cliff makes me feel a whole lot better. And judging by the smile on his little brown face, he knows the value of what he is doing for me.

Film evaluation abt either action or fantasy (not science fiction) or Essay

Film evaluation abt either action or fantasy (not science fiction) or animation or legal drama - Essay Example Jerry begins with interviewing Susan Alexander the second wife of Kane who runs her own pub but she refuses to give her any information about Kane, this forces jerry to go into the private collection of Walter Parks Thatcher who was a banker and acted as a guardian to Kane during his childhood; this helps jerry understand Kane’s childhood. In addition, he also interviewed Mr Bernstein who was Kane’s personal manager, his estranged friend Jedidah Leyland, his butler Raymond and Susan, his second wife. The flashbacks got from people close to Kane reveal that he spent his childhood in poverty in Colorado up to the time when a gold mine was discovered in his parents’ piece f land, during that time, he was sent to live with Thatcher in order to attend school. When he reached 25 years he took up his inheritance, invested in the ‘New York inquirer and hired the best journalists and went ahead to marry the president’s niece and vies for the position of gover nor in New York. His marriage begins to get sour, which leads him to have an affair with a singer by the name Susan Alexander whom he later marries when his first wife discovers about it and leaves him. In his last years, Kane was keener in building his empire and he only interacted with his staff members. At the end of the film, jerry finds out that he could not be able to solve the mystery of ‘rosebud’ therefore he theorizes that it was something that Kane could not achieve or something that he lost. It is revealed that ‘rosebud’ referred to a toboggan that Kane had from his childhood, which alluded to the time in his life when he was genuinely happy. Welles, who was the director of the movie, managed the publicity to ensure the influence of the movie fro Hearst’s life remained undetected- Hearst was a rich businessperson in the media industry. This did not work and Hearst was infuriated with it and wanted the film not to show in any screens, he therefore offered to compensate Welles for all

STRATEGIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

STRATEGIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT - Term Paper Example Countless NPOs, in some countries referred to as NGOs, work for various causes and spend their entire fortune on their causes. Such organizations may include SOS Home Villages, UNESCO, UNICEF, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Red Cross organizations, and many others (Rottman, 2012a). Similar to these organizations is another one known as the United Services Organization (USO). The USO is an American organization committed to the morale boosting and the spiritual enhancements of the American troops and their respective families all over the world. It is an organization which supports and aids the US troops spiritually. This organization serves the US troops in nearly 14 countries worldwide, 27 states nationwide, with nearly 250,000 volunteers working hard in 160 centers worldwide (Howell, 2011). Ethical Significance Considering the ethical and moral values of the USO, we will find a very strict policy regarding the organization’s mission statement and conduct. The USO was form ed back in 1941 during the Second World War, bringing the nation together to boost the morale of the American troops. It did the same during the Vietnam War and is continuing to do so in the war in Iraq and Afghanistan. The USO also serves for the medication and rehabilitation of all those injured soldiers who lost their vital body parts. The ethical values of the volunteers in this organization are extremely strict. They have a set of rules or a mission statement which must be followed. They include Do the Right Thing, Respect, Collaboration, Excellence, Accountability, Gratitude and Innovation. Working in the jurisdiction of USO, a volunteer must follow these principles. In return, volunteers are provided with various gifts according to the USO policy. These policies are very similar to those of every other functional NGO, as all these organizations have strict moral and ethical guidelines which a volunteer has to follow. The volunteers are not given any financial advantage, but t he volunteership provides them with various gifts and invaluable credits (Rottman, 2012b). Capital Budgeting With such an inflow of donations and funds from different organizations to USO, these funds must be spent in a proper budgeted manner in various fields. According to the financial statement of the USO, there have been total expenses of nearly $300 million by the 31st of December of 2011. The expenses of various processes of the USO are determined (Howell, 2011). According to their expenditure statistics, almost $228 million were spent on contribution of materials, facilities and services. This is the largest proportion of expenditures for the USO, which mainly includes medical support for all injured troops and facilities provided to various troops during their operations at the camps. After these expenditures, come the maintenance programs of various USO camps throughout the world, which required a budget of nearly $33 million in 2011. These expenditures include all maintena nce and day-to-day office work charges, which each camp particularly requires. Other than these expenditures, $35 million were nearly spent on various programs the USO conducted: the camp shows for the entertainment of troops, and the general public awareness programs, for which the USO pays to create awareness in the

Finance for manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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Choosing MBA Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Presentation diagnostic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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ART - Essay Example The colorful background appears distant; a calm river is running through the background, attracting fowls thereof. The shadowed area under the tree contrasts with the soothing light in far wide open landscape; and the sunlight is blazing to highlight the tawny complexion and masculine contours of the Indian. Ground under the feet of hunter is filled with dried fallen leaves and fertile soil is mostly covered, thus giving a rough texture of the ground of a thick rainforest. This picture executes a coarse texture for trees, grasses and bushes, and the only well outlined object is the man; smooth lines carve his flesh with great details and visible parts of his body have a suave texture. This picture maintains effective organization of the subject matter (the Indian man) with the formal elements such as trees, river and the ground. This organization is achieved by similarity in color scheme of all objects present in the picture, but contrasting the background, from the man and the yellow tree through shades, spatial relation and texture. Just as the man is the center figure of the scenery; he is painted with details in form (such as prominent lines of his body, his apparel`s color and fashion) and he is also highlighted by his fierce skin tone enhanced by beaming sunlight. However the various shades of golden used in skin color, trees and rocks are giving an overall flamboyant demeanor, golden color use stands in union for most objects of the picture, except for blue sky and the river. The red and green rags on body of the Indian man are contrasting with whole picture`s color theme,

Visual Arts - Sabotage by Hitchcock Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Visual Arts - Sabotage by Hitchcock - Essay Example Alfred Hitchcock is known throughout the world for his riveting plots and thrilling action movies. The British film director and producer earned so much fame in the action and suspense genre that even after several decades have passed since his death, his name is still alive. He has been called as the most influential film maker of all time. He had a distinctive and detectable directorial style which was prominent in all his directorial works. His character depiction, innovative film editing, and mind boggling mysteries are some of the qualities which set him apart from other directors of his time. He earned the name ‘Master of Macabre’ because of his psychological thrillers and themes depicting violence, murder and crime.    The film â€Å"Sabotage† directed by Alfred Hitchcock was released in 1936. It is based on the book "The Secret Agent" by Joseph Conrad. It is counted as one of Hitchcock's major films of the 1930s. It follows his signature style throughout the movie. The film is categorized in the action and suspense genre. It is a black and white film with 76 minutes of running time. The production studio of the film was Gaumont British Picture Cooperation Limited. Sabotage was released under other alternative titles as well. They are: The Hidden Power I Married a Murderer A woman alone Agent Secret List of cast and characters: Starring: Sylvia Sydney - Mrs Verloc Oskar Homolka - Karl Anton Verloc, Owner of Bijou Cinema John Loder - Detective Sergeant Ted Spencer, Scotland Yard Desmond Tester - Steve Verloc, Mrs Verloc's brother The scene which is being reviewed in this paper begins at 01:02 minutes. When the scene begins Steve, the teenage brother of the main character, Mrs. Verloc, is waiting to cross the road. He has been given a package by Mr. Verloc which he has to take to a certain place before 1:30. But it seems like however hard he may try to get to his destination on time, he keep getting hindered somehow. The Queen's congr egation is passing and so the soldiers have blocked the road. He tries to cross it by making a run for it but it is of no use. With nothing left to do and the clock needles moving away from 1 o’ clock, Steve, stands there waiting for the congregation to pass. The road is crowded with people who are excited by the presence of all the carriages and the horses. The horsemen and their horses are receiving tremendous attention by the simple local people, for whom this is a form of entertainment. Every eye is upon them and the crowd is watching every move with wonder and delight. But it is the look on Steve's face and his expressions of sheer delight are what that grab the most attention. One moment he is worried that he has to get the parcel to the given place on time and the other second he becomes so captivated by the activities around him. The horses and their carriages march forward and Steve is looking at them with awestruck eyes. He looks so young and innocent at that moment and his face is aglow with pure happiness. This shows that even in times of great terror and difficulties, happiness still survives only if we let it in. Hope never abandons us unless we let it go. The look on Steve's face is that of pure joy and contentment, he is amazed by the horses,

Ratio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ratio - Essay Example In the example, this year's quick ratio is 0.4:1, which means that the company's liquid assets are at four tenths of the value of its current liabilities. The company will not be able to pay current debts with its current liquid assets. The debt to net-worth ratio measures how much the company is in debt. This ratio compares what the business owes to what it owns. It is a measure of the company's ability to meet both its creditor and owner obligations in case of liquidation. The formula is: (total debt or liabilities) / (tangible net worth). The company's inventory turnover ratio measures the number of times the inventory is sold out, or "turned over", in a year. This ratio describes whether business inventory is understocked, overstocked, or obsolete. The formula is: (cost of goods sold) / (cost of the average inventory). The company's average collection period ratio describes the average number of days it takes customers to pay bills. The formula is: (days in accounting period) / [(net sales) / (accounts receivable)]. The net-sales to working-capital ratio measures how many dollars in sales the business makes for every dollar of working capital, where working capital = current assets - current liabilities. This ratio tells you how efficiently working capital is being used to generate sales.

Healthy lifestyle Essay Example for Free

Healthy lifestyle Essay A persons health is measured in various methods and achievements, whether it is measured by weight, levels of stress, or just overall quality of life. People are relentlessly searching for the most efficient way to be more physically, nutritionally, and emotionally fit. On this quest for superior health there are four habits that need to be recognized to reach this goal, and they are smoking, drinking, overeating, and exercising. (Berger, 502). Cigarette smoking is a common, unhealthy habit among American adults. With 20. 8% of all adults smoking, its the most preventable cause of death in the US, making up one in every five deaths this year. (Center for Disease Control Prevention, n.d.). It not only significantly increases your chance at getting lung cancer; it also increases the rate for getting cancer of the bladder, kidneys, mouth and stomach. (Berger, 503). These deaths are preventable by people quitting smoking. There are over-the-counter medications, prescription medications, as well as just cold turkey to quit smoking. Alcohol is another drug that can lead to bad health. Alcohol can produce significant problems with the lever, heart, stomach and increases the likelihood of getting cancer. (Berger, 504). With this danger, groups have been founded to help stop using alcohol. The most familiar group is Alcoholics Anonymous. Alcoholics Anonymous was founded in 1935, has no affiliation to any company, government, or private enterprise, and only requires the members to have the want to stop drinking. (Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, 2008). Overeating and obesity is a common health problem among Americans today. We live in a very hectic world with just as frantic schedules. With the onset of the technological world and hectic schedules, fast food restaurants have found their ideal target. With consumers not having to even get out of their cars to super-size their double quarter-pounder has made us obese. There is a solution to this problem though. Through a reasonable amount of caloric intake of the right foods and a moderate, convenient exercise plan American can win the battle of the bulgeExercise is a very proactive way of increasing ones health. Many people exercise to lose weight, but the  benefits of exercise is vast. Regular physical activity can reduce your risk for several diseases and conditions and improve your overall quality of life. Regular physical activity can help protect you from the following health problems: hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes. (Berger, 507). References Berger, K. S. (2005). The Developing Person: Through the Life Span. (Sixth Ed.). New York, New York: Worth Publishers. Center for Disease Control Prevention. (n.d.). Adult Cigarette Smoking in the United States:Current Estimates. Retrieved on July 13, 2008, from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/Factsheets/adult_cig_smoking.htm. Alcoholics Anonymous World Services. (2008). A.A. Fact File. Retrieved on July 13, 2008, from http://www.alcoholics-anonymous.org/en_pdfs/m-24_aafactfile.pdf.

Difference Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Transcription

Difference Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Transcription SUMMARY Biosynthesis of proteins is under direct control of DNA in most cases or else under the control of genetic RNA where DNA is absent. Information for structure of a polypeptide is stored in a polynucleotide chain (Gupta, 2007). Sequences of bases in a particular segment of a polypeptide chain will determine the sequence of amino acids in a particular polypeptide (Gupta, 2007). The relationship popularly known as central dogma explains how protein synthesis is controlled by nucleic acids. There are two major steps involved in protein synthesis (1) transcription and (2) Translation. Transcription involves transfer of genetic information from DNA to mRNA and Translation involves translation of language of nucleic acids in to that of proteins (Gupta, 2007). Transcription will be discussed in detail in the present topic. TEXT Transcription is the synthesis of RNA which carries the genetic information present in DNA (Fig. 1). The DNA is double stranded and can theoretically code for two separate RNA molecules (Jain, 2000). However, it has been found that only one of the two strands of the gene is transcribed (Jain, 2000). Only in a few exceptional cases both strands are transcribed. This is possible because the promoter is asymmetrical and unidirectional (Jain, 2000). The DNA strand which have a sequence homology with the RNA is known as the coding strand. The second strand which is complementary to RNA and serves as the template for RNA synthesis is known as the non-coding strand. It is therefore, a misnomenclature, as it is the non-coding strand which is in fact transcribed to form the primary transcript (Jain, 2000). Transcription in prokaryotes The principal enzyme involved in transcription is the DNA dependent RNA polymerase (commonly called as RNA pol). To understand the transcription, it is necessary to learn more about the RNA polymerase. The bacterial RNA polymerase consists of five polypeptide chains including two chains of ÃŽ ± (alpha) polypeptide and one chain each of ÃŽ ² (beta) and ÃŽ ²ÃƒÅ Ã‚ ¹ (beta dash) and ÏÆ' (sigma) polypeptides (Fig.). The RNA polymerase molecule thus can be represented as ÃŽ ±2ÃŽ ²ÃŽ ²ÃƒÅ Ã‚ ¹ÃÆ', in which the attachment of sigma (ÏÆ') factor is not very firm, so that the core enzyme (ÃŽ ±2ÃŽ ²ÃŽ ²ÃƒÅ Ã‚ ¹) can be easily isolated. The size and function of the prokaryotic RNA polymerase is given in table 1. The active sites of core enzyme are shown in fig. (). Once RNA synthesis is initiated, ÏÆ' dissociates after RNA is 8-9 bases long and then the core enzyme brings about elongation of mRNA. The dissociated sigma factor may again combine with core enzyme to form RNA polymerase holoenzyme (Fig,..). Events in transcription The entire process of transcription can be divided in to following steps: (1) Template recognition (2) Initiation (3) Elongation and (4) Termination Template recognition The promoter directs the RNA polymerase to recognize the correct region of the gene and to bind at this site. The -35 region serves this function and is recognized by the enzyme. The size of the RNA polymerase is such that about 60 nucleotides in the gene are involved in binding of the enzyme to the template. Sigma factor plays an important role in specific binding of the enzyme with the template (Jain, 2000). The core enzyme without the sigma factor can bind to DNA but the binding is not promoter specific. The sigma factor is thus necessary for the formation of promoter-enzyme complex. The binding of RNA polymerase to a site other than the promoter is generally referred as loose binding. In presence of sigma factor, the affinity for loose binding is reduced while the affinity for specific binding is increased (Jain, 2000). Thus the chances of only the specific binding taking place are enhanced many fold in presence of sigma factor (Jain, 2000). Initiation and elongation of RNA synthesis in prokaryotes RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase proceeds in four steps: (i) the holoenzyme first binds at the promoter site, forming the closed promoter complex in which DNA remains double helicle, (ii) the closed complex isomerizes and causes unwinding and separation of DNA strands to form open (binary) promoter complex, (iii) after unwinding only one of the two strands is copied; this is achieved by incorporation of nucleotides, initially without movement of enzyme leading to the formation of RNA chain, up to 9 bases in length. During the incorporation of these 9 bases, at every step, there is a possibility for the release of this small RNA chain, a process described as abortive initiation (Gupta, 2007). A cycle of abortive initiation usually occurs generating a series of short (2-9 base) oligonucleotides, before initiation is usually successful. (iv) Once initiation succeeds, the sigma factor of RNA polymerase dissociates. (v) the dissociation of sigma factor marks the entry of NusA protein, whic h helps elongation, and promotes pausing and termination at specific sites. Core enzyme now undergoes a major conformational rearrangement and a stable ternary elongation complex is formed. This complex moves along DNA, synthesizing RNA all along its path at a rate of about 40 bases per second at 370C (Gupta, 2007). Elongation of RNA transcript continues till an unstable termination complex is formed (Gupta, 2007). Termination The termination of mRNA chain in prokaryotes is brought about by certain termination signals on DNA. These DNA sequences providing termination signals are called terminators (Gupta, 2007). Once the enzyme hits the terminator, it falls off the template and the transcription stops. The termination signals whenever found on DNA can be of two types: (i) Rho (Ï ) dependent termination and (ii) Rho (Ï ) independent termination. (i) Rho (Ï ) dependent termination: The termination factor (Ï ) participates in this type of termination (Jain, 2000). Rho (Ï ) is a 46 KD protein and its active form is a hexamer, having a total mass of 275 KD. It binds to growing RNA chain and moves along the RNA. Once rho catches the RNA polymerase, it results in chain termination. The question arises how?. It has been found that once RNA polymerase hits the terminator sequences, it pauses for a short time. During this period the rho factor reaches the RNA polymerase and causes it to fall off the template. Once RNA polymerase is detached, the RNA chain also comes off and the transcription terminates (Fig). (i) Rho (Ï ) independent termination: In some genes, there is a definite region of intrinsic sequences which causes the termination of RNA chain. This includes two G:C rich stretches at the end of RNA transcript which are complementary to each other. These form a 7-20 bp intra-molecular hairpin structure. Further this region is followed by a small stretch of U residues which form relatively weak interaction with dA residues of the gene (Fig..). such a structure is highly unstable thermodynamically and causes the displacement of newly synthesized RNA from the DNA template. Once the RNA is detached, the RNA polymerase falls off and the termination of transcription occurs. This type of termination provides an interesting example where the structure of RNA itself can cause its own termination from the DNA chain. Transcription in Eukaryotes The eukaryotes have more than one type of RNA polymerase. Based on the activity to ÃŽ ±-aminitin, an antibiotic which inhibits mRNA synthesis, three classes of RNA polymerases have been identified which are involved in the transcription of different class of eukaryotic genes. There properties are given in table 2. The eukaryotic RNA polymerases are large molecules of ˃500KD in size. It has two large subunits of -200KD and -140KD, respectively. The 200 KD subunit is similar to ÃŽ ²ÃƒÅ Ã‚ ¹ subunit of E. coli of RNA polymerase and have similar function (the template binding). Besides these two proteins it also has upto 10 different small subunits. A subunit of Pol II, which has similarity with one of the subunits present in Pol I and also in Pol III, is similar to the ÃŽ ±-subunit of E. coli enzyme and helps in the enzyme assembly. Besides the RNA polymerase, a number of other transcription factors are also needed for the transcription. Promoter sites for Initiation of transcription Promoters for RNA polymerase I could not be initially studied since all genes for rRNA were similar. Promoters for RNA polymerase III, on the other hand, had some unusual downstream promoters. However for RNA polymerase II, several hundred eukaryotic genes have now been sequenced and their promoters studied revealing some general features in three regions located at start point, centred at sited lying between -25 bp and -100 bp. The least effective of these three regions is the TATA or Hogness box (7 bp long) located 20bp upstream to the start point. The TATA box is surrounded by G-C rich sequences and is comparable to pribnow box of prokaryotes. Further upstream is another sequence called CAAT box, which being necessary for initiation, is conserved in some promoters (ÃŽ ² globin gene), but is not necessary in some other genes. This sequence lies between -70 and -80 bp. Another sequence called GC box (GGGC GG) is found in one or more copies at -60 or -100 bp upstream in any orientation in several genes. It has been shown that CAAT and GC boxes determine the efficiency of transcription, while TATA box aligns RNA polymerase at proper site, with the help of TFIID and other transcription factors (Gupta, 2007). Initiation In eukaryotes the initiation is more complex. It involves a number of specific transcription factors. The process has been followed for the Pol II action resulting in the synthesis of mRNA. The process is essentially similar for Pol I and Pol III. For initiation, it requires, a number of trans acting factors along with the RNA polymerase. The trans acting factors, which are the product of various regulatory genes, bind to either DNA or to each other or to RNA polymerase. They can also bind in various combinations. All the transcription factors involved with Pol II are called TF II. First the factor TF IID binds to TATA box (-15 to -21 region) covering about 25 nucleotides within the -17 to -42 region. Now factor TF IIA associates itself to the complex, further extending the protected region towards upstream, upto the -55 to -80 region. On the other hand TF IIB associates itself protecting the region at -10 to +10. It binds to two strands in a non-symmetrical manner. This complex prep ares the stage for binding of RNA polymerase II which covers up to +15 region on template strand and 5 extra nucleotides (up to +20) on the non-template strand. Finally TF IIE joins, extending the protection upto +30 region. Once the entire complex has been assembled, the incorporation of first nucleotide takes place. Transcription factors and elongation of RNA chains in eukaryotes Certain accessory proteins of transcription, called the elongation factors enhance the overall activity of RNA polymerase II, leading to increase in elongation rate. Atleast two such proteins (transcription factors) are known (i) the transcription factor TFIIF accelerates RNA chain growth relatively uniformly, in concert with RNA polymerase II or pol II, (ii) transcription factor TFIIS (also called SII) helps elongation of RNA chain, by relieving the obstructions in the path of such elongation. TFIIS is known to function by first causing hydrolytic cleavage at 3Ê ¹ end of RNA chain, which are stuck and can not elongate. Thus RNA polymerase moves backwards (hydrolytic cleavage) under the direction of TFIIS before it moves forwards through the block to elongation (fig.) (Gupta, 2007). Termination of RNA synthesis in eukaryotes In eukaryotes, the actual termination of RNA polymerase II activity during termination may take place through termination sites similar to those found in prokaryotes (the nature of individual termination sites is not known). But these termination sites are believed to be present away (sometimes up to one kilobase away) from the site of 3Ê ¹ end of mRNA. Obviously 3Ê ¹ end of mRNA will be generated due to post-transcriptional cleavage. This cleavage, at the end, is believed to be achieved by what is popularly called snurp (small nucleur RNA-protein complex). Snurp used for post-transcription cleavage has not been identified so far but is believed to be certainly different than the U1 snurp, which is believed to be involved in intron splicing in split genes. Moreover, a sequence 5Ê ¹ AAUAAA 3Ê ¹ has been found just on the 5Ê ¹ side of poly(A) addition site in several eukaryotic mRNAs. The poly(A) tail is added to 3Ê ¹ end of eukaryotic mRNA after processin g of precursor mRNA. The sequence 5Ê ¹ AAUAAA 3Ê ¹ in mRNA 3Ê ¹ end seems to be common in eukaryotic mRNA and mutation in this sequence cause elongation of mRNA. This will suggest that this sequence contains the signal for endonucleolytic post-transcriptional cleavage. This sequence therefore, is not involved in the termination of the synthesis of mRNA, but helps in generating 3Ê ¹ end later through endonuclease cleavage, in which snurp helps in an unknown manner. FAQs Q. What is transcription? Ans: synthesis of RNA which carries the genetic information present in DNA. Q. What is the composition of RNA polymerase in prokaryotes? Ans: RNA polymerase consists of five polypeptide chains including two chains of ÃŽ ± (alpha) polypeptide and one chain each of ÃŽ ² (beta) and ÃŽ ²ÃƒÅ Ã‚ ¹ (beta dash) and ÏÆ' (sigma) polypeptides. Q. What is the function of sigma factor of RNA polymerase in prokaryotes? Ans: The function of sigma factor in prokaryotes is Promoter recognition and initiation of transcription. Q. What are the steps in transcription? Ans: The entire process of transcription can be divided in to following steps: (1) Template recognition, (2) Initiation, (3) Elongation and (4) Termination. Q. What is a Promoter? Ans: Promoter is defined as a sequence of DNA having the signal which directs the proper binding of RNA polymerase to DNA and activates it to a form which is capable of initiating the transcription. Q. What is the role of NusA protein? Ans: NusA protein, helps in elongation, and promotes pausing and termination at specific sites in prokaryotic transcription. Q. How termination of transcription occurs in prokaryotes? Ans: The termination of mRNA chain in prokaryotes is brought about by certain termination signals on DNA. These DNA sequences providing termination signals are called terminators (Gupta, 2007). Once the enzyme hits the terminator, it falls off the template and the transcription stops. The termination signals whenever found on DNA can be of two types: (i) Rho (Ï ) dependent termination and (ii) Rho (Ï ) independent termination. Q. How many RNA polymerases are involved in eukaryotic transcription? Ans: three classes of RNA polymerases (Pol I, Pol II and Pol III) have been identified which are involved in the transcription of different class of eukaryotic genes. Q. What the functions of Pol I, Pol II and Pol III? Ans: The functions of Pol I is Ribosomal RNA synthesis, Pol II is mRNA synthesis and Pol III is tRNA synthesis, 5S and other small RNA synthesis. Q. What are transcription factors? Ans: transcription factors are proteins which are needed for initiation of transcription, but are not a part of RNA polymerase. Q. What is Hogness box? Ans: The second region of eukaryotic promoter which is similar to -10 region of prokaryotes. is called the TATA box or Hogness box. Q. What is the role of transcription factor TFIIF and TFIIS? Ans: the transcription factor TFIIF accelerates RNA chain growth relatively uniformly, in concert with RNA polymerase II or pol II while transcription factor TFIIS helps elongation of RNA chain, by relieving the obstructions in the path of such elongation. Q. How TFIIS helps in elongation of RNA? Ans: TFIIS is known to function by first causing hydrolytic cleavage at 3Ê ¹ end of RNA chain, which are stuck and can not elongate. Q. what is the role of small nucleur RNA-protein complex? Ans: Termination takes place at termination sites which are present away from the site of 3Ê ¹ end of mRNA. The 3Ê ¹ end of mRNA will be generated due to post-transcriptional cleavage. This cleavage, at the end, is believed to be achieved by snurp (small nucleur RNA-protein complex). Q. How does Rho (Ï ) helps in termination of transcription? Ans: When RNA polymerase hits the terminator sequences, it pauses for a short time. During this period the rho factor reaches the RNA polymerase and causes it to fall off the template. MCQs: 1. Transfer of genetic information from DNA to mRNA? a. translation b. transcription c. transformation d. All of the above 2. During transcription the DNA strand which have a sequence homology with the RNA is known as: a. coding strand b. non-coding strand c. Both a and b d. None of the above 3. During transcription the strand which is complementary to RNA and serves as the template for RNA synthesis is known as? a. coding strand b. non-coding strand c. Both a and b d. None of the above 4. The principal enzyme involved in transcription is: a. RNA polymerase b. DNA polymerase c. transcription factor d. a and b only 5. RNA polymerase is: a. RNA dependent b. DNA dependent c. protein dependent d. hormone dependent 6. The RNA polymerase molecule thus can be represented as: a. ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ²2ÃŽ ²ÃƒÅ Ã‚ ¹ÃÆ' b. ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ²ÃŽ ²ÃƒÅ Ã‚ ¹ÃÆ'2 c. ÃŽ ±2ÃŽ ²ÃŽ ²ÃƒÅ Ã‚ ¹ÃÆ' d. ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ²ÃŽ ²ÃƒÅ Ã‚ ¹2ÏÆ' 7. The function of ÃŽ ± subunit is: a. Template binding b. Nucleotide binding c. Both a and b d. Enzyme assembly 8. Sequence of DNA having the signal which directs the proper binding of RNA polymerase to DNA is known as: a. Hogness box b. promoter c. CAAT box d. None of the above 9. The sigma factor is necessary for the formation of: a. promoter-enzyme complex b. Enzyme assembly c. CAAT box d. All of the above 10. The dissociation of sigma factor marks the entry of NusA protein: a. TF IIB b. TF IIE c.TF IIS d. Nus A protein 11. Termination of transcription in prokaryotes is: a. Rho (Ï ) dependent b. Rho (Ï ) independent c. both a and b d. a only 12. Hairpin structure for termination of transcription is found in: a. Rho (Ï ) dependent b. Rho (Ï ) independent c. both a and b d. a only 13. which RNA polymerase is found in Eukaryotes: a. Pol I b. Pol II c. Pol III d. All of the above 14. TATA box of eukaryotes is comparable to which sequence of prokaryotes: a. pribnow box b. CAAT box c. Hogness box d. All of the above 15. Transcription factors helps in: a. initiation b. elongation c. termination d. a and b only 16. At what region of DNA does RNA polymerase first bind to a gene: a. Initiation site b. Transcribed region c. Promoter d. Intron 17. RNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to the growing RNAs at what end? a. 3Ê ¹ end b. 5Ê ¹ end c. both a and b d. none of the above Key: 1-b, 2-a, 3-b, 4-a, 5-b, 6-c, 7-d, 8-b, 9-a, 10-d, 11-c, 12-b, 13-d, 14-a, 15-d, 16-c, 17-a. ASSIGNMENTS/TUTORIALS Q. 1: Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription initiation. Q. 2: Explain the role of RNA polymerase in prokaryotes. Q. 3: Eukaryotes contain multiple RNA polymerases explain their role? Q. 4: Explain Rho dependent and Rho independent termination of transcription in prokaryotes. Q. 5: What are transcription factors? discuss the role.

Benefits and Strategies of Human Resource Development (HRD)

Benefits and Strategies of Human Resource Development (HRD) Introduction Human resource development coordinates the functions of training and development experiences in the organizations. In recent years the scope of human resource development (HRD) has expanded from simply providing training programmes to facilitating learning throughout the organization in a wide variety of ways. There is an increasing recognition that empoloyees can and should learn continuously, and they should learn from experience, from each other as well as from formally structured training programmes. Nevertheless, formal training is still essential for most organizations. 1.1 Training Defined. It is a systematic modification of behaviour through learning which occurs as a result education, instruction, development and planned experience. It is a learning experience in that it seeks a relatively permanent change in an individual that will improve the ability of performance on the job. Employee training is present-day oriented focuses on individuals, current jobs, enhancing specific skills and abilities to immediately perform their jobs. Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour as a result of practice or experience. Development focuses on future jobs in the organization. It seeks to improve a persons overall career prospect. It comprises series of planned training activities and experiences designed to improve managers performance. Activities include attending short courses, job rotation, understudying senior mangers, attachments, completion of long-term academic qualification in the management field. Education refers to activities that are aimed at developing the knowledge, skills, moral values and understanding required in all aspects of life. Its purpose is to provide the conditions essential to people to understand their environment and make a contribution to it. 1.2 SCOPE OF TRAINING Organizations provide training for many reasons: To orient new hires/employees To improve current performance for workers who are not performing well To prepare employees for future promotions, changes in design, processes, or technology in their present job To help organization achieve its purpose by adding value to its key resources (people). It means investing in people to enable them perform better and to empower them to make the best use of their natural abilities. To reduce the learning time for employees. Competitive pressures change the way organizations operate and skills that employees need. 1.3 Training as Related to Other HR Functions HRP identifies the skills and number of employees needed. Recruitment and selection function locates individuals with these skills in the labour market. Information on projected HR needs and probable qualifications helps determine amount and level of training to be provided. Performance evaluation specifies whether employees are performing to the desired standards and if not the employer discrepancies identified may signal the need for additional training. Performance evaluation may be used as criteria for evaluating training effectiveness. Training is pivotal in implementing organization-wide culture change efforts, e.g. developing a commitment to customer service, adopting total quality management etc. 1.4 Training benefits Minimizes learning costs Improves individual, team, and corporate performance in terms of output, quality, speed and overall productivity. Improves operational flexibility (multi-skilling) Attracts high quality of staff by developing their competences Increases commitment of staff. Help to manage change by increasing the understanding reasons to change Help to develop positive culture in the organization Help to provide high levels of service to customer. 2.0 Strategy and HRD Training can help an organization succeed in a number of ways. Ultimately it is employee knowledge and skills that produce the organizations products and services. Training facilitates the implementation of strategy in the following ways: Providing employees with the capability to perform their jobs in the manner dictated by strategy. Assisting in solving immediate business problems such as when managers in an action learning programme studies a real problem faced by their organization and recommend the solution. Helping the organization to keep ahead in a highly competitive and turbulent environment. The training function therefore, must foster a continuous learning culture and stimulate managers to reinvent their organization. Recent changes in the environment of business have made the HRD function even more important in helping organizations maintain competitiveness and prepare for the future. Technological innovations and the pressure of global competition have changed the ways organizations operate and the skills that their employees need. The tight labour market of the lat 2000s has increased the the importance of training in several ways: First, higher employee turnover means that more new employees need training. Second, it has been suggested tha frequent and relevant and relevant development experiences are an effective way to gain to gain employee royalty and enhance retention of top quality staff. Training must be tailored to fit an organizations strategy and structure. For instance, an organization whose strategy involves providing exceptional service through a committed, long -service cadre of a well qualified employees will need more complex training and career development systems than an organization that competes on the basis of simple, low-cost services provided by transcient, unskilled employees. The later will need a highly efficient orientation and basic training. Team- based high involvement organizations find that extensive training in team skills, as well as in individual job skills is necessary to make an innovative organization structure function as in tended. When strategy changes, training is needed to equip employees with the skills to meet new demands Training is seen as pivotal in implementing organization-wide culture -change efforts such developing a commitment to customer serviced, adopting a total quality management, or making a transition to self-directed work teams. PLANNED TRAINING A deliberate intervention aimed at achieving the learning necessary for improved job performance. Purposes: To identify and define training needs involves analyzing corporate, team, occupational, and individual needs to acquire skills knowledge or to improve competencies. Define the learning required Define the objectives of the learning learning objectives should be set which define not only what should be learnt but also what trainees must be able to do after their training programme. Plan training programmes these must be developed to meet the needs and objectives by using the right combination of training techniques and locations. Decide who provides the programme either from within or from outside the organization Implement the training ensure that the most appropriate methods are used o enable to acquire the skills, knowledge and attitudes they need. Identification of Training Needs (Training Needs Assessment) It is an investigation that is undertaken to determine the nature of performance problems in order to establish underlying causes and how these can be addressed trough training. It can be undertaken to identify and justify developmental needs trying to prepare people to take extra responsibilities in future. Purpose and Methods of TNA The choice of methods and sources of information depends partly on the purpose of the training. If it is to improve employees performance and identifying performance deficiencies in the present job, the trainer must begin by looking at present performance to identify the performance deficiencies. Sources of information for this include supervisors and clients complaints, performance appraisal data, objective measures of output or quality or even conducting special performance tests to determine current knowledge and skill levels of employees. Individual or group interviews with superiors, incumbents or even clients. Once performance deficiencies have been identified, next step is to determine whether these deficiencies can be addressed by training. In some cases motivation, constraints, or poor task design can be the cause. If training is planned for current employee destined for promotion or transfer, needs assessment is more complex. The training specialist must measure the demands of the future job and then attempt to assess the ability of employees to meet those demands. If training is destined for new hires, the method must be slightly different. Training is designed on the basis of careful analysis of job content and the assumed characteristics of the trainees. Three Levels of Needs Assessment. Company level: Involves organizational analysis looking at how the training fits within the context of company strategy. Concern should be at issues pertaining to changes that have occurred in the organization e.g. organizational structure, process technology, production problems, human resource plans reputation with competitors, personnel statistics, customer complaints, employee behaviour, retention and motivation strategies Job/Task Analysis: use of job description job specification kind of skills, and knowledge required to perform the job be clearly established Individual levels: identify who should be trained current level of individual skills, knowledge and abilities performance standard of individuals training programme attended. IDENTIFY TRAINING OBJECTIVES Translate the needs identified at those levels into measurable objectives that can guide the training effort. PLAN TRAINING PROGMME It should contain objectives of the training programme Objectives should be the criterion behaviour i.e. the standards or changes of behaviour on the job to be achieved after training. It should have clear contents of what to be covered Length of the programme Where it will take place Techniques to be used Who will provide the training TRAINING METHODS On -the-job training: conducted at the work site and in the context of actual job. Learning by trial and error Sitting next to experienced worker Coaching: Experienced managers guide the actions of of junior or less experienced mangers. Job rotation-involves moving employees to various positions in the organization in an effort to expand their skills, knowledge, and abilities. It can be either horizontal or vertical (promoting employee to new position). It is a good method for broadening individuals exposure to company operations and for turning a specialist into a generalist. Job rotation provides an opportunity for a comprehensive evaluation of the employee by his/her supervisors Assistant to positions: Employees with potential are sometimes given opportunity to work under seasoned and successful managers in different areas in the organization. It helps to get exposure to a wide variety of management activities and are groomed for assuming duties of the next higher level. Committee assignment: It provides an opportunity for the employee to share in decision making, to learn by watching others, and to investigate specific problems. Committees can either task forces (which are temporary in nature), or permanent one. Advantages: the transfer of training to the job is maximized. costs of separating training facility and full- time trainer is avoided trainee motivation remains high because what they learn is job related. OFF-THE JOB TRAINING It is a formal method considered as an incentive, mostly organized in exotic places or in colleges and universities. This approach may not provide as much transfer to actual job as do on -the job programs. Methods include: Lectures and seminars: The traditional form of instruction revolves around formal lecture courses and seminars. They help individuals to acquire knowledge and develop their conceptual and analytical abilities. Simulations: Training technique using exercises based on actual work experiences. Exercises include case study analysis, role playing, business games etc. Team Building: It is the process of enhancing the effectiveness of teams. It helps employees develop capacity of work groups to interact more effectively and develop skills. LEARNING THEORIES They attempt to explain how learning occurs. Stimulus- Response school Cognitive School The Stimulus -Response School (Behaviourial school) Learning is the development of links between stimulus and response. Theorists interested in demonstrating how links can be encouraged, and the way in which experience of other stimuli can change bonds. Specifically, people must be stimulated by learning by the learning process. This school is based on conditioning theories Classical conditioning by Pavlov(1941) Operant conditioning by Skinner, 1953) Classical conditioning Behaviour is learned by repetitive association between a stimuli and a response. Stimulus observable condition that can give rise to behaviour. Response objective manifestation of behaviour Conditioning a process whereby an association is formed between a stimulus and a response Pavlov did an experiment with a dog using an unconditioned stimulus (meat) and a conditioned stimulus (bell). Experiment Before conditioning: Meat( unconditioned stimulus) Dog salivates(un Res) During conditioning: Meat + Bell (cond. Stimulus) Dog salivates (cond. Res.) After conditioning: Bell ringing (cond. Resp Dog salivates Implications: the experiment shows that learning can be transferred to higher order conditioned stimulus other than those used in original conditioning. However, it is difficult to trace exactly the cause effect relationship of the such behaviour. Operant Conditioning ( Skinner- 1953) A type of learning that involves an increase in the probability of a response occurring as a function of reinforcement. Suggests that people emit response that are rewarded Human beings learn behaviours that are rewarded and they will engage in those behaviours. Implications: In organizations, behaviours are learned, controlled , and altered by consequences managers use. Operant conditioning is used to influence behaviours by designing suitable reward systems. Cognitive Learning Theory It involves gaining knowledge and understanding by absorbing information in the form of principles, concepts and facts, and then internalizing it. Learners are regarded as powerful information processing machines Social Learning Theory It states that effective learning requires interaction. People participate in groups of people with shared expertise, and these are the primary sources of learning. Principles of Learning Goal Setting Individual behaviour is influenced by their conscious goals Hard goals result in better performance Learning objectives must be clearly conveyed to trainees Goals must be difficult enough to challenge individuals but not to discourage them Finishing the programme must be supplemented with evaluations, tests, quizzes or any reward. Reinforcement It consists of giving reward following performance of activity that increases the likelihood to perform the activity again. Trainee should know what specific behaviours are expected of him/her Reinforcement be related to these behaviours Reinforcement be prompt and continuous when trainee begins to learn new behaviour. Reinforcements must be effective and should very from individual to individual. Feedback (Knowledge of Results): Feedback with a directional function provides information about behaviour necessary to improve performance Feedback with motivational function provides information about outcome of behaviour that needs to rewarded Behaviour Modeling: People tend to pattern their behaviour with that of their associates, parents, friends, and acquitances etc. Much of the human behaviour is learned by observing others. EVALUATION: It is an attempt to obtain information (feedback) on the effects of a training programme, and to assess the value of the training in light of that information. Evaluation helps to know whether the progamme was worthwhile in terms of cost-benefit terms. It is difficult because it is difficult to set measurable objectives and to collect results the information on the results. Evaluation levels: Reactions: the reactions of participants to the training experience Learning: At this level it requires the measurement of how trainees have learnt as a result of their training new knowledge and skills acquired. Job behaviour: measuring the extent to which participants have applied their learning on the job. Assessing the amount of transfer of learning that has taken place from off the job courses. Organization: attempting to measure the effect of changes in the job behaviour of trainees on the functioning of the organization. E.g. improvements in output, productivity, quality, turnover. . PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL Designing appraisal system Should reflect the needs of those concerned (organization) to collect information for personnel decision making and distribution of rewards. Should be related to longer- term needs of the organization e.g. kind of staff and how they will be developed. Should act as a consultation process: There should be a degree of compromise between the people involved in pursuit of the commitment to the system. Organizational structure and culture dynamically related and should be considered in designing of the system. E.g. a highly structured bureaucratic company will have a different system as compared to a company with a decentralized flat structure. WHO SHOULD BE APPRAISED? Self Appraisal: Reduces defensiveness Individual becomes motivated and committed Disadvantage: Leniency error. Peer Evaluation: May be accurate Appropriate for developmental purposes Useful when supervisor has no chance to observe the employee Can work well in teamwork. Disadvantage: Friendship bias. Immediate superior: Has knowledge of the tasks performed by individual Superiors Superior: He can countersign supervisors appraisal of the employee in approval indicating the process is fair He may directly carry out the appraisal 360- Degree appraisal: An appraisal device that seeks performance feedback from such sources as oneself, bosses, team members, customers and suppliers. It has more accurate feedback, empowering employees, and reduces the subjective factors in the evaluation process Assessment Centres: Assessment centers are most often used in appraising potential superiors and managers. Assessment centres use tests, group exercises and interviews to appraise potentials. MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES (MBO) It is an approach to performance appraisal which emphasizes the need to assess performance with reference: agreed output, tasks to be accomplished or standards of performance. It involves three steps: The employee meets the supervisor and agrees on a set of goals and standards to be achieved during a specific period of time. Goals should be quantifiable and agreed targets. Monitoring progress : employee left free to determine how to achieve the goals At the end of the set period, supervisor and employee meet to evaluate whether goals were achieved and decide together for the new set of goals. Feedback of Results (PA Interview) Before employees are told to improve their performance after appraisal, they must know how they are currently doing. Feedback Interview is a discussion between the supervisor and the employee concerning the employees past performance and how it wiil be improved in the future. Approaches to Feedback Interview Tell and Sell: -The supervisor tells the employee how good or bad the employees performance has been. He attempts to persuade the employee to accept his judgement. The employee has no input in the evaluation The discussion is directive and one sided. Problems Can lead to defensiveness, resentment, and frustration. Subordinate may not accept results and not be committed to achieving goals. Tell and Listen: Supervisor tells the employee what has been right or wrong, and gives him/her a chance to react. Employee participates in the interview by reacting to supervisors statement. Problem Solving: The employee has much more control over the interview He evaluates his/ her performance and sets own goals for future performance Supervisor is helper rather than judge There is an open dialogue in which goals for improvement are established mutually Advantages: It can lead to employee commitment to established goals

Transcendentalism And A Belief In A higher Power :: essays research papers

Transcendentalism and A Belief In A "Higher Power" We do not have good reasons to believe in something transcendental. Most of the arguments in favor of God, or a so-called "higher power" are based on faith and emotion, and not a clear logical argument. In fact, these arguments are often in favor of throwing logic out the window. In many ways, this question is similar to someone attempting to prove the existence of an invisible elephant. It is far easier to prove that the elephant does not exist than it is to prove that it does. Socrates' principle of examination states that we must carefully examine all things. The tools we humans use to do this are logic and the scientific method. In order to believe in something transcendental, you cannot examine your beliefs using logic and science. If you do, there is no way to prove the existence of a higher power. The primary argument against the existence of a Judeo-Christian all- knowing, all-powerful, righteous God is the argument from evil. This argument argues against the presence of a higher power using facts of ordinary life. This argument states that most would agree that some of the pain and suffering (evil) in this world is unnecessary. To be considered a necessary evil, the occurrence must be the only way to produce something good, which outweighs the evil. Many events, such as infant deaths, would not be classified in this category. If such an all-knowing deity existed, it states, He would know that this evil was occurring. If He was all-powerful, He would have the power to stop this evil. If He was righteous, He would stop the evil from occurring Therefore, the existence of evil cannot be compatible with the existence of this type of God. The primary response to the argument from evil is the appeal to human freedom. This argument states that God sees evil as necessary so that we humans may be free to choose our own path. The fatal flaw in this argument is that there are evils that exist not as a direct result of human choice. Natural evils such as floods, earthquakes, and tornadoes serve no purpose according to this definition, and are therefore unnecessary evils. A theist might respond to this with another weak rebuttal, stating that every evil produces compassion and understanding in others, and creates good in that regard. This is an overly positive, almost delusional view of evil. Almost everyone will be able to come up with at least one example of someone who has suffered an evil that has not directly or indirectly led to anything good.

raising a child with a disability Essay -- essays research papers

Raising a Child with a Disability: Journal Entry #2: Summary:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This article mainly examines ways in which parents can deal properly with the news of being told that their child has a disability. There are a few stories in the article which emphasize the way the parents felt when they found out about their child’s disability. In most cases, the parents felt shattered, overwhelmed and completely shocked. The article explained that parents have an expectation of having that â€Å"perfect† child and when one is told that the child is not so perfect, their dreams and their lives become devastating. The reading examines ways in which to build a support system as well as ways in which to keep a balance in your life. The author indicates the importance of keeping a positive attitude when in this situation. Main Points:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This article was very interesting and there are a few key points that stand out. The author explained that it is important to be an advocate for your child by learning as much as you can about the disability that they have. Also, she mentioned that if a parent keeps on living in denial about the illness or disability, that this will never help the child or the parent. I also found it interesting when she spoke about support within the family as well as outside the family. Lastly, I thought it was important for her to mention the strain that a family with a disabled child will incur. Reflection:   Ã‚  Ã‚  ...

Marine Corps

I want to be a Marine Corps Officer to serve my country. It is in my blood That is my first priority and will always be my first priority. Yes, it is great that an NROTC scholarship would pay for my tuition and fees and so on. However, one cannot put a price on the pride and dignity of being an officer in the Marine Corps. No one in the world has greater talent, leadership, and determination to take the initiative, than a Marine Officer. Through Varsity sports, DECA, and over sixty community service hours, I’ve learned how to lead a team, work with others to accomplish a mission, and that being a leader is hard work. However, there is no doubt that I am ready and willing to take on the challenge of being a leader. A leader of men who are the proudest and most feared warriors in this world, a leader of Marines. I live for challenges like these and I am mentally, physically, and morally capable of achieving this dream of mine. This career I strive for is something I’ve wanted to do since the first day I spoke with a Marine Corps recruiter. Marines have something about them that seperate themselves from the other military branches. That â€Å"something† is what I am looking for and is what I need. I believe the Marine Corps can make me into something greater than myself, something that demands greatness. The only thing I am missing is the oppurtunity. Give me the oppurtunity to prove to you and our country that I am a leader and that I have what it takes to become one of the few who can lead Marines.

Atm Card Project

The completion of every task require the guidance support & cooperation of m two bulk. This is the luck to convey b arly those who had directly or indirectly assisted me in completing this work. commencement and fore near I am congenial to my forge guide Mr. Rahul Deo whose kind guidance, answer & motivation stand byed me to neck this project. I register my sincere gratitude to Dr. Rajendra Kumar Jain,H. O. D(M. B. A Department ) and either in every last(predicate) the faculty members of SVIM for their kind support. I am thankful to Director Ret. Major oecumenical Dr. J. R.Bhatti of Shri Vaishnav situate for Of Man get on withment for providing proper facilities in the college. I would as swell up like to thank all the respondents and wholesaler/retailer/ distributor for gravid me their precious cadence and relevant learning ,with away which this Project would have been a assorted story. Last but not the least I am grateful to my p arnt, family & friends wh o have supported and encouraged me during my work. PRAVIN PAHADIYA MBA IV SEM(PT) SVIM,INDORE. automatic teller machine CARD A decisive zeal & ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMY WITH fussy REFERENCE TO ICICI & IDBI conductger gatewayion silver machine the quickest and annoyible g all oernment agency to access your notice just most(prenominal) snip allway whether you are in your headquarters town or around the human. It is convenient and safe to contribute and adorn of lacks of rupees opus traveling or allwhither cash dispensers now having a all-embracing stir on economy too. landing field statement OF ICICI & IDBI industrial CREDIT & INVESTMENT CORP. OF INDIA LTD. (ICICI). It was de limitine-up as a Development Finance Institute in 1955 at a lower office staff the Indian Companies coif 1913 with the support of Govt. f India and active social function of the World argot. INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT dep wholeness OF INDIA (IDBI). It was assign ined in July 1964. Th e argot is think to serve author from which the existing pecuniary fundaments brush off draw. It seeks to c oer the gaps left by the legion(predicate) state institutions working in the range of Industrial Finance. OBJECTIVE OF work out 1. To find its impact on economy. 2. happiness of automatic teller machine exploiters. STUDY AREA ICICI & IDBI, Indore methodology 1. Sampling Sampling technique haphazard Sampling. SOURCE OF info ) Primary data 2) lowly data LIMITATIONS ? Sample limit to Indore City Only. ? Biasness of respondents. ? The whole study and abstract are etymond on the solutions find out from structured questionnaire. cash dispenser A VITAL FACITLITY & ITS ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMY submission standard atmosphere (AUTOMATIC TELLER MACHINE) is the easiest & the fastest way to access your identify every sentence, whatsoever(prenominal) where done and finished both of the standard pressures across the artless until now out of country. no ,t he capital is accessible by either person 24 hours a daytime,7 age a week & 365 days a year.It is withal known as ANY cartridge holder MONEY, it mean that entrusts never closed. All of us carry some form of Plastic notes with us whether it is Debit gameboard, ATM brainpower, wise to(p) jargon bill or Credit display board. The man-wide Debit display panel allows you to purchase goods at Merchant Establishments and in like dash gives you the savedom to hold cash from ATMs in India and abroad. ATM bill of fare gives you the freedom of making purchases without the hassles of paying in cash. No ask to carry cash, no paying bills at the end of the monthyour purchases will be gradeed to your account instantly.We bathroom withdraw from 15,000 to 2,00,000 rupees in a day from contrasting avers ATM machine & desexualise up to 30 notes at one time even we bottom also deposit cheques by the ATM. Operate multiple account with a single ATM card of the aver. INT RODUCTION INDUSTRIAL CREDIT & INVESTMENT COPERATION OF INDIA (ICICI) posit is Indias second- large(p)st desire with occur assets of to the highest degree Rs. 106,812 crore and a lucre of intimately 450 branches and offices and about(predicate) 1700 ATMs. ICICI was set up as a certain Financial Institution in 1955, under the Indian Company motivate,1913 with the support of the presidential term Of India active involvement of the World rely.ICICI entrust avers a wide range of coin tilling products and financial return of processs to corporate and retail customers with a conformation of delivery carry and with its specialised subsidiaries and affiliates in the areas of enthronisation affirming, life and non-life insurance, venture capital, asset anxiety and culture engine room. ICICI edges equity shares are listed in India on stock exchanges at Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata and Vadodara, the bourgeon transfigure, Mumbai and the National product gillyflower Exc hange of India extra and its American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).ICICI coin shore building was originally promoted in 1994 by ICICI circumscribed, an Indian financial the initiative of the World money box, the judicature of India and representatives of Indian industry. The principal objective was to establish a development financial institution for providing medium-term and long-term project financing to Indian business concernes. In the 1990s, ICICI transformed its business from a development financial institution offer only project pay to a diversified financial work mathematical group offer a wide variety of products and assistances, both directly and through a fleck of subsidiaries and affiliates like ICICI verify.In 1999, ICICI become the prototypic Indian company and the original cant or financial institution from non-Japan Asia to be listed on the NYSE. After consideration of motley corporate structuring al ternatives in the context of the appear competitive scenario in the Indian margeing industry, and the bribe up towards universal proposition patoising, the managements of ICICI and ICICI intrust formed the ex urgeion that the merger of ICICI with ICICI Bank would be the optimal strategic alternative for both entities, and would form the optimal legal structure for the ICICI groups universal margining strategy.The merger would enhance grade for ICICI stockholders through the merged entitys access to low-cost deposits, great opportunities for earning fee- found income and the ability to participate in the wagess remains and provide proceeding- verifying serve.The merger would enhance look on for ICICI Bank shareholders through a large capital base and scale of operations, seamless access to ICICIs strong corporate relationships build up all over five decades, entry into brisk business segments, higher grocery share in various business segments, particularly fee - found dos, and access to the vast natural endowment pool of ICICI and its subsidiaries. In October 2001, the Boards of Directors of ICICI and ICICI Bank pass the merger of ICICI and two of its wholly-owned retail finance subsidiaries, ICICI Personal Financial returns Limited and ICICI capital Services Limited, with ICICI Bank.The merger was clear by shareholders of ICICI and ICICI Bank in January 2002, by the High motor hotel of Gujarat at Ahmedabad in March 2002, and by the High Court of Judicature at Mumbai and the Reserve Bank of India in April 2002. Consequent to the merger, the ICICI groups financing and depository financial institutioning operations, both wholesale and retail, have been integrated in a single entity. Anywhere Banking ICICI Bank is the second largest camber in the country, serves a customer base of much than 5 million customer accounts through a multi-channel access network.This includes much than 400 branches and consultation counters, over 1000 ATMs, Call philia and profits Banking. Thus, one can access the various serve ICICI Bank has to offer at anytime, anywhere and from anyplace. DoS & Do not 1. Sign on the card direct on receipt. unsigned cards are invitations for mis utilize. 2. Keep the card in a prominent place in wallet / vault. This will help you to notice if any of your cards is missing. 3. warrant that the card you got back after the trans proceeding is yours before putting in the wallet. 4.Keep all card number, expiry date and connectedness number of the issuing bank at a secure place for machinate reference. It has to be kept in a diverse place than where you normally hold open cards. 5. Inform issuing bank direct if you lose the card or it is overtaking/stolen from you. 6. Memorize evenfall and destroy the mailer block is an important validation of your identity. The use of PIN along with card is considered as your authentic signature. 7. Inform change of address to card issuing bank immediatel y. Inform postal authorities also about the furtherance address. 8.Keep all arraign slips till you adopt statement from bank. Check all charge slips against the statement. If thither is a mismatch immediately contact the issuing bank. 9. If going abroad, collect note of the card companys (Visa/ Master witticism/ Amex) emergency number abroad. 10. Do not give your calculate card number over the echo or on the earnings. 11. When utilise your card in a merchant institution, only your signature is needed. Never disclose any separate personal details about yourself, be it your address or recollect number. 12. Never sign an incomplete gross sales slip.Make sure it is counted. Basic Features ICICI Bank and HPCL charter you the Fuel Debit Card. A debit card excogitationed with just our gismo in mind. Just hand it over at any HPCL pumps and SAVE on our fuel purchases. In feature you can use the card for all your shopping, eat and traveling needs, so we spend with total con trol. Combining the acceptability of a trust card and the prudence of an ATM Card, the ICICI Bank Ncash Debit card is a most convenient accessory for us. No much than fear of overspending. No more search for the nearest ATM. Only more consolation and convenienceWith the ICICI Bank Ncash Debit Card you can shop victimisation indorse Electrons on-line debit program, and debit your ICICI Bank account directly when transacting at any indorse accredited member establishment or ATM across the beingness Accepted at over 40,000 merchant establishments, more than 1,200 ICICI Bank ATMs and more than 2,500 endorse ATMs all over India. International Card, offering deposit access at over 11 million merchant establishments VISA . Your ICICI Bank HPCL Debit Card comes packed with the following features 1. Direct On-line debit to your ICICI Bank account. 2.Refund of surcharge for fuel purchases at HPCL pumps. 3. Accepted at over 40,000 shops, more than 1,200 ICICI Bank ATMs & 2,500 VISA ATMs all over India. 4. International card offering deposit access at over 11 million shops and & VISA ATMs all over the world. 5. 24 Hour node wish well Center. 6. Speed-O-Miles Rewards Programme. 7. Itemized billing on your bank statement. 8. bemused card insurance. Fee Charges No proceedings charges at ICICI Bank ATMs. Transactions charges at Non ICICI Bank ATMs Rs. 50/- for cash onanism Rs. 25/- for equaliser enquiry. Lost Card InsuranceIn case our card is lost or stolen, we just need to call our 24 Hour Customer Care Centre . A virgin card will be issued on gather up and sent to you within 1 week of reporting this loss. We are protect from any financial obligation arising from any purchase exertions done on our card, from the time you report the loss. INTRODUCTION INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BANK OF INDIA was established in July 1964, to serve as a reservoir from which the existing Financial Institutions can draw. It seeks to ski binding the gap left by the numerous s tate institutions working in the field of industrial finance.The bank is expected to immingle commercial, promotional re-financing activities. It took place after rbi issued guidelines for entry of peeled private empyrean banks in January 93. Subsequently, IDBI as promoters sought authority to establish a commercial bank and retained KPMG a management consultant of international repute to prepare the tail for establishing a commercial Bank. The Reserve Bank of India conveyed its in principle approval to establish IDBI bank on February 11th, 1994. thereafter the Bank was incorporated at Gwalior under Companies Act on 15th of September 1994 (Registration No. 0-08624 of 1994) with its Registered Office at Indore. The Certificate for opening of Business was received on second of December 1994. The Future IDBI bank looks confidently into the future to typeface and thrive in the intense competitive environment that is emerging. The bank has now gained experience and has in place the strategies required for gaining a leadership position. With moorage edge relevant engine room, aggressive marketing, innovation, mean control over costs and with its propel workforce, the bank is all set to emerge as a model spherical corporate citizen n the days ahead. IDBI, the tenth largest development bank in the world has promoted world class institutions in India. A few of such(prenominal) institutions built by IDBI are The National Stock Exchange (NSE), The National Securities Depository Services Ltd. (NSDL), Stock Holding Corporation of India (SHCIL) and so forth IDBI is a strategic investor in a overplus of institutions which have revolutionized the Indian Financial Markets. IDBI promoted IDBI bank to mark the formal foray of the IDBI gathering into commercial Banking. This initiative has blossomed into a study success story.IDBI bank, which began with an equity capital base of Rs. 1000 million (Rs. 800 million contributed by IDBI and Rs. 200 million by SIDBI) , commenced its scratch branch at Indore in November 1995. Thereafter in less than seven age the bank has attained a prior ranking position in the Indian Banking Industry. IDBI bank successfully completed its humanity issue in February 99 which led to its give-up capital expanding to Rs. 1400 million. The promoters retentivity sequent to this public issue stood reduced to 71% with IDBI holding 57% and SIDBI 14% of the paid up capital of IDBI Bank.This is in line with the requirement of RBI which stipulates that eventually the promoters holding should be brought down to 40%. IDBI ATMs IDBI bank, which in recent time has rapidly expanded its ATM network to 258 ATMs across 68 cities, has always been at the forefront of using the in style(p) engineering science to introduce new function for its customers. IDBI bank was the first Bank to implement the a la mode(p) and most flexible ATM flip-flop engineering in India called IST from Oasis Technologies. It is also the only Bank in India where its completed ATM network is on the a la mode(p) NDC based operating system from NCR Corporation.IDBI bank launches Easy Fill, the First Online blinking planetary Refill ATM Service in India, IDBI also bank opens its 97th Banking office in Dum Dum, Kolkata. IDBI bank launches Easy Fill, the First Online Instant Mobile Refill ATM Service in India, IDBI bank launches ATM Next, the attached contemporaries ATM aid- IDBI bank, one of the youngest and fastest growing private sector banks in the country, launched the futurist next generation ATM go called ATM Next, at a well-attended press company here in Mumbai today. The innovative new service allows the ATM to download any discipline from a central web server.With the help of this new technology, IDBI banks customers can now check the latest cricket scores live on the ATM, as well as read the latest news headlines. The ATMs also provide online cultivation on the latest movies running with a complete list of the atre and target timings as well as day-to-day horoscopes, a list of emergency function telephone numbers and on the lightness side, fortune cookies. The service, which was launched initially in Mumbai, also en equals the ATMs to provide audio instructions to customers, as well as comprehensive information on its products and services.The Bank proposes to extend this quick-wittedness to an separate(prenominal) cities shortly, as part of a phased roll out. Speaking at the press conference, Ajay Bimbhet, Country Head Retail Banking, IDBI bank said We have always believed in using technology to add value to the services we provide to our customers. We believe that technology must constantly redefine service and this raise new service, will make the ATM experience far more exciting and enriching for our customers. The Bank has tied up with Rediff. om as its exclusive content provider for this service, says Shameek Bhargava, Head ATMs, Cards and Merchant acquiring We have successf ully exploited the technology at our disposal to create a truly quality customer experience. This is the first time that such a service has been launched in India. The application was show encased at a recent Banking conference at Singapore, where it was a huge success. Its informative, its different, its futuristic and its fun. IDBI bank offers following services 1. mythologic Discounts at various Merchant Outlets . 2. commitment Points with Great Rewards . . Enhanced access to over 8. 5lakh ATMs and 10 million establishments worldwide. 4. Promotional programmes with exciting prizes. 5. Zero lost card liability insurance. Eligibility 1. Customer Over 18 years of age . 2. Savings note holders . 3. live greenback holders . 4. Corporate Payroll Account holders . Security In a borderless world spinning on the axis of the cyberspace, cyberspace Banking assumes a special and sophisticated significance. mindful that the ultimate access could be through the Internet, we set out to sew unitedly a globally benchmarked Internet initiative.With Internet Banking, your bank travels with you around the world. You have on-line, real time access, bank call it 24. 7. 365 (HH/WW/DD) banking. Admittedly, such a service requires hostage of the highest nature and complete privacy protection. To that end, bank provide a completely secure environment, using 128-bit encoding Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), digitally certifiable by Verisign. 128-bit SSL. This guarantees world-class security for Internet and e-commerce. Customize Features 1. Change of login and transaction passwords . 2. inception of Nicknames for Accounts . 3. Date and Amount format creams . Online pay ServicesThe Internet Banking preparedness of IDBI Bank, i-netbanking offers online payment celerity linked with merchant websites/e-shops serving as a payment gateway. The bank offers this eagerness to any agency requiring online payment services such as Online Shopping Malls, Online voice Trading Agency , an AMC selling Online Mutual funds or registering/subscribing for net profit radio link with ISP. This service is open to IDBI bank account holders (savings, current, wintry deposit accounts). It will soon be functional to Demat account holders also. Currently, internet banking is available to all first account holders (except minors).It is also available to proprietors of firms in their Current Account for Proprietorship firms. In all cases applicator should have authority to operate account with full permission. All the joint account holders must sign application for all accounts wherever applicant is first account holder. move funds to your near and undecomposed ones at the click of a mouse. fondness popping features The Electronic fund transfers could burgeon forth place to your own bank accounts of your choice instantly the bank account of any other person within any of the IDBI banks branches instantly.The bank account of any other person in over 8000 branches of any bank within the 14 cities -Mumbai, Delhi, Calcutta, Chennai, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Kanpur, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Nagpur, Chandigarh, Patna, Bhubaneswar, Thiruvananthapuram. The drug user shall not use or approach to use i-net banking for funds transfer as and when the facility is made available without suitable funds in the relative i-net banking -account or without a pre-existing arrangement with the bank for the grant of an overdraft. Internet Banking Services (i-net banking) Bank refers to IDBI bank limited, a banking company incorporated in India under the companies act 1956 and having its registered office at chaturvedi mansion, 2nd floor, 26/4, old palasia, A. B. Road, indore 452 001. The term includes the successors and assigns of the IDBI bank limited. I-net banking is the trade name of the banks internet banking service which provides access through the internet to account information, account transaction, other products and services as talk over by the bank from t ime to time to the banks customers. I-net banking serviceThe bank shall tendency to provide to the user through i-net banking, services such as enquiry about the balance in his i-net banking account(s), details about transactions, statement of account, request for issue of cheque-books, request for transfer of funds between accounts of the aforesaid(prenominal) user, from users account to another persons account, bill payment and such other facilities as the bank whitethorn decide to provide from time to time. These facilities shall be offered in a phased manner at the discretion of the bank. The bank may also make additions/ deletions to the services offered through i-net banking at its sole discretion.The availability/ non-availability of a particular service shall be advised through email, web page of the bank or written communication. The bank shall take reasonable care to, ensure the security of and prevent unauthorized access to the i-net banking service using technology rea sonably available to the bank. The user shall not use or permit to use i-net banking or any colligate service for any vicious or improper purposes. Minimum balance and charges The user shall maintain, at all times, such minimum balance in i-net banking account(s), as the bank may stipulate from time to time.The bank may, at its discretion, levy punishable charges and/or service charges for non-maintenance of the minimum balance. In addition to the minimum balance spec the bank may levy service charges for use of i-net banking at its discretion. The user authorizes the bank to recover all charges connect to i-net banking as determined by the bank from time to time by debiting one of users i-net banking accounts. the true of information The user is responsible for the nicety of information supplied to the bank through the use of i-net banking or through any other means such as electronic mail or written communication.The bank accepts no liability for the consequences arising out of monstrous information supplied by the user. If the user suspects that there is an faulting in the information supplied to the bank by him, he shall advise the bank as soon as possible. The bank will endeavor to correct the error wherever possible. Termination of i-net banking service The user may request for termination of the i-net banking facility any time by giving a written notice of at least 15 days to the bank. The user will remain responsible for any transactions made on his i-net banking account(s) through i-net banking prior to the time.Technology and Tech Initiatives Keeping in line with its policy of leveraging technology to drive its business, IDBI bank deployed Finacle, the e-age banking solution from Infosys to unite its position, meet challenges and quickly seize new business opportunities. Entire Finacle rollout was remarkable considering the fact that it was implemented across all branches in a record time surround of 5 months. Finacle will provide the comm inuted technology platform to propel the banks new thrust and direction.Achievement of these significant milestones is consistent with IDBI banks move focus to create customer and shareholder value through deployment of superior technology. Investments in technology is part of the plan to put in place building blocks for creating the dependable organizational infrastructure which will help IDBI bank in consistently delivering superior products, convenient access channels and good service to our retail and corporate customers. Of the total investments of over Rs. 75 crs, large investment has been made in back-end technology to confirm processes, systems and control.This, in the long run, propelled by a top quality management team up will clearly set IDBI bank apart from its competitors. Stronger Capital Adequacy Capital Adequacy ratio of IDBI bank is well supra the RBI norm of 9% and as on 30th June 2001 stood at 12. 01%. IDBI bank has adopted Governance standards based on best practices prevalent internationally. It has a structure of governance which meets with the requirements prescribed by the Kumarmangalam Birla panel and fully meets the recommendations by internationally acclaimed and recognized norms of governance addressed by the Cadbury, Greenbury and Meryn King committees.Employee Contribution IDBI bank has more than 1000 talented and highly move employees as on date. The bonnie age of the employee at IDBI bank is 31 yrs. 85% of the employees are MBAs/CAs/ Professionally Qualified Bankers. The bank has rolled out broad based grant of stock options covering 75% of the employees to align their interests with those of its shareholders. Benefits of ATM cards 1. Transfer funds from any place to any place. 2. Same day clearance of cheques money deposited by you. 3. Also provide withdraw Books for transaction. 4. Provide Mini- account after every transaction. 5.Account Statement by E-Mail. 6. Free Demand-Drafts Pay-Orders. 7. Investment assess a dvisory services. Transaction at all ATMs across the country- 1. Withdrawal transfer of funds . 2. need for a cheque book. 3. Deposit cash cheques. 4. Receive mini-statement. OBJECTIVES The main objective of this project is to show the need utility of ATM cards, different services provided by banks its impact on economy. Some of the others objectives are - 1. triumph of ATM user. 2. Utility of ATM cards. 3. riddle related to ATM cards. 4. Comparative study of banks services provided by them. 5.To collect different suggestion provided by people. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE look for We are performing every action for the welfare of mankind to make them more productive more innovative. Each every action in this world is performed for melioration. meaning of this enquiry work is 1. It informs about the conundrum related to ATM user. 2. It provides many suggestions for the betterment of ATM services. 3. It informs about the satisfactory take of consumers. 4. This research also info rm people about the services facilities provided by their ATM cards. 5. It shows the real purpose for using ATM.RESEARCH methodological analysis Research has adoptive research human body to obtain accurate information of the situation, which existed . The research aim was to find out what are the problems by the ATM users, facility services. It is descriptive because it obtains the complete accurate description of a situation, which has the precision of a problem. It has the formal design of research it provides specific method for picking source of information also connection data from other sources. It has also a statistical study because it involves a few factors in many factors in many cases.The study basically emphasizes on the investigatory that whether the ATM users are well-to-do by the services facilities provided to them by banks or not. DATA COLLECTION METHOD The data disposition is fully depends on Primary data, Secondary info Internet Information. 1. Primar y Data- It is conversion of original information for some specific purpose. 2. Secondary Data- It turn back all that information which is available by different sources ? Internal Data - Data provided by banks. ? External Data - Data collected from outside of banks. All other data is collected through Internet i. . by their Web-sites questionnaires. The purpose of questionnaires is to obtained qualitative information for accuracy of project. DATA ANALYSIS AND interlingual rendition Q. 1 atomic number 18 you using ATM? Q. 2 Which banks ATM you are using? Q. 3 Are you aware about all facilities provided by your ATM? Q. 4 Do you face any problem in using ATM? Q. 5 If yes, please baulk- CONCLUSION The main thing that is think that ATM (AUTOMATIC TELLER MACHINE) is the fastest, easiest safest way to access your account. ATM Cards gives us freedom to purchases without the hassles of payment.By ATM card we are free from carrying cash with us. 1. plenty are using ATM card for ANY TIME MONEY. 2. Maximum people are satisfied by services facilities provided by their banks. 3. some people are aware about ATM cards their utilities. 4. People are using ATM cards for different purposes. 5. Some people are having problems related to operational, networking, less safety, less number of outlets, etc. 6. People also want cipher balance no transaction limit. 7. People want more facilities services. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. There should be no transaction limit. . Clearance of money/cheque transaction time should be minimized. 3. Banks should increase ATM outlets.4. Minimum average balance should be reduced. 5. No charges for transaction with other ATM machines. 6. Interest should be given on money deposited above average balance limits. 7. More facilities services should be provided for customers. LIMITATIONS 1. The main limitation related to this project is the limited area i. e. INDORE urban center because it is such a broad government issue of research we are not able to represent exact data on the basis of a single metropolis only. . Difficulty related to approach different types of people with different mentality, nature habit. 3. limit related to time resource available. 4. The entire study is based on the response provided by the sample population analyses on the basis of questionnaires. 5. Limitation related to dark-skinned response. 6. Limited information given by banks due to security reasons.